撰稿 | 肖肖 责编 | 周叶斌 随着医学辅助生殖(MAR)技术帮助无数家庭实现生育梦想,人们也开始关注这类技术可能带来的长期健康风险,尤其是癌症的发生率。虽然早先有研究证明MAR可能引起表观遗传学的改动,与先天性畸形相关,但对于MAR与儿童特定癌症发生风险存在的关联性仍未得到深入地探讨。 近日,法国国家健康产品安全署 Paula Rios 博士带领其研究团队在 JAMA Netw Open 上发表题为 Medically Assisted Reproduction and Risk of Cancer Among Offspring 的文章,通过一项全国性队列研究,证明总体癌症风险在辅助生殖技术后代和自然受孕后代之间没有显著差异。不过,通过新鲜胚胎移植(fresh ET)或冷冻胚胎移植(FET)诞生的儿童患白血病的风险可能略有增加。 该研究覆盖了超过850万名自然降生或通过辅助生殖方式诞生的儿童。Paula Rios博士团队基于法国全国母婴登记册(EPI-MERES)的数据,筛选了2010年1月1日至2021年12月31日12年间国内所有的活产婴儿,并对他们的家庭随访至2022年6月30日。 研究中,团队还参考了这些婴儿/儿童在2019~2020年的出生和医院出院记录,应用Cox比例风险回归模型来比较自然受孕儿童与ART的儿童之间的癌症总体风险和特定癌症类型的风险。 表1. 2010~2021年间在法国出生的850万儿童各项围生期特征表。其中受孕方式分为:自然受孕、新鲜胚胎移植(Fresh ET)、冷冻胚胎移植(Frozen ET或FET)、人工受精(AI)。新鲜胚胎移植:133,965例(1.6%); 冷冻胚胎移植:66,165例(0.8%);人工授精:60,106例(0.7%) 观察期内,随访人员共识别出9256名癌症患儿,覆盖的儿童癌症类型包括白血病(包含急性淋巴细胞性白血病(Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, ALL)、急性髓细胞性白血病(Acute Myeloid Leukemia, AML))、淋巴瘤(Lymphoma)、恶性中枢神经系统肿瘤(Malignant CNS tumor)等十多种。与未患癌症的儿童相比,癌症患儿通常在出生时具有早产儿、胎龄大的特征,以及在出生后被诊断出有先天性畸形。 研究发现,总体癌症风险在自然受孕儿童与通过Fresh ET出生的儿童(风险比(HR),1.12 [95%CI, 0.96~1.31])、通过FET出生儿童(HR,1.02 [95%CI, 0.78~1.32])或通过AI出生儿童(HR,1.09 [95%CI, 0.86~1.38])之间没有差异。 表2. 2010年至2021年间在法国出生的通过新鲜胚胎移植(Fresh ET)、冷冻胚胎移植(FET)或人工授精(AI)出生的儿童与自然受孕出生的儿童的癌症风险比较。注a:当暴露的病例少于5例时,不提供估计值。自然受孕儿童的人年数为54,568,974,而通过Fresh ET、FET和AI受孕的儿童分别为903,708、331,770和391,001。注b:所有的HR和RD值都已根据出生年份、性别、多胞胎、母亲年龄以及贫困指数进行了调整。注c:包括肾上腺、周围神经和自主神经系统的肿瘤 白血病是被诊断出最多的癌症类型,占总病例的29.4%。这一群体的数据分析发现,通过FET出生的儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)的风险显著增加(风险比(HR)为1.61 [95% CI,1.04~2.50];调整后风险差(RD),23.2/ 百万人年[95% CI,1.5~57.0]),但通过Fresh ET出生的儿童则没有(HR,1.14 [95% CI,0.83至1.57])。 此外,当研究者将观察期放在2010~2015年间时,发现通过Fresh ET和FET出生的儿童患急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)的风险都有增高的趋势,不过数据未达到统计学意义。 表3.2010年至2015年在法国出生通过Fresh ET、FET和AI辅助诞生的儿童与自然受孕出生的儿童的癌症风险比较。注a:少于5例暴露病例的估计值不提供。自然受孕的儿童人年数为40,434,932,而通过新鲜ET、FET和AI受孕的儿童人年数分别为672,874、183,818和284,868。注b:根据出生年份、性别、多胞胎、母亲年龄和贫困指数进行调整。注c:包括肾上腺、周围神经和自主神经系统的肿瘤。 尽管本研究是基于迄今为止最大的队列之一,但癌症病例的绝对数量仍然较少(通过医学辅助生殖技术出生的癌症病例只有292人),因此统计结论总体上具有限制性。此外,本研究虽然经过数据处理尽可能排除了其他变量的影响,仍无法完全区分辅助生殖技术的影响与父母自身不孕状况可能带来的癌症风险。今后相关的研究应该持续对MAR后代的癌症风险检测,或者探讨MAR与儿童癌症风险之间的生物学机制,并评估不同MAR技术对儿童长期健康的影响。 在理解MAR与儿童癌症风险之间的关系上,这项研究提供了十分重要的流行病学证据,让我们可以更好地理解技术的局限性与安全性。医疗工作者也需要将这些潜在风险考虑在内,以便为不孕不育家庭提供更全面、更专业的支持和咨询。 撰文 责编 制作 排版 | 车洁 校对 | uu *本文由深圳市拾玉儿童公益基金会“儿童肿瘤前沿”团队编译或约稿,文中图表均源引自文献原文。本文著作权归文章作者所有,欢迎个人转发分享,未经允许禁止转载,作者拥有所有法定权利,违者必究。如需转载,请留言或联系[email protected]。本文旨在分享儿童肿瘤科研前沿成果,不是治疗方案推荐。如需获得疾病治疗方案指导,请前往正规医院就诊。 原文摘要(Abstract) Importance Cancer is a leading cause of death among children worldwide. Treatments used for medically assisted reproduction (MAR) are suspected risk factors because of their potential for epigenetic disturbance and associated congenital malformations. Objective To assess the risk of cancer, overall and by cancer type, among children born after MAR compared with children conceived naturally. Design, Setting, and Participants For this cohort study, the French National Mother-Child Register (EPI-MERES) was searched for all live births that occurred in France between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2021 (and followed up until June 30, 2022). The EPI-MERES was built from comprehensive data of the French National Health Data System. Data analysis was performed from December 1, 2021, to June 30, 2023. Exposure Use of assisted reproduction technologies (ART), such as fresh embryo transfer (ET) or frozen ET (FET), and artificial insemination (AI). Main Outcomes and Measures The risk of cancer was compared, overall and by cancer type, among children born after fresh ET, FET, or AI and children conceived naturally, using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for maternal and child characteristics at birth. Results This study included 8 526 306 children with a mean (SD) age of 6.4 (3.4) years; 51.2% were boys, 96.4% were singletons, 12.1% were small for gestational age at birth, and 3.1% had a congenital malformation. There were 260 236 children (3.1%) born after MAR, including 133 965 (1.6%) after fresh ET, 66 165 (0.8%) after FET, and 60 106 (0.7%) after AI. A total of 9256 case patients with cancer were identified over a median follow-up of 6.7 (IQR, 3.7-9.6) years; 165, 57, and 70 were born after fresh ET, FET, and AI, respectively. The overall risk of cancer did not differ between children conceived naturally and those born after fresh ET (hazard ratio [HR], 1.12 [95% CI, 0.96 to 1.31]), FET (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.78 to 1.32]), or AI (HR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.86 to 1.38]). However, the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was higher among children born after FET (20 case patients; HR 1.61 [95% CI, 1.04 to 2.50]; risk difference [RD], 23.2 [95% CI, 1.5 to 57.0] per million person-years) compared with children conceived naturally. Moreover, among children born between 2010 and 2015, the risk of leukemia was higher among children born after fresh ET (45 case patients; HR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.92]; adjusted RD, 19.7 [95% CI, 2.8 to 43.2] per million person-years). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cohort study suggest that children born after FET or fresh ET had an increased risk of leukemia compared with children conceived naturally. This risk, although resulting in a limited number of cases, needs to be monitored in view of the continuous increase in the use of ART. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.9429 👇点击此处,直达原文